Chapter 1
- Individuals
o Object/person about which/whom we want information
· Variables
o Any characteristic of the individuals.
o Ex. Adult smoker, polar bears, Toyota vehicles
· Population
o The entire group of individuals about which we want information.
· Sample
o
The part of the
population we actually collect information from.
· Observational Study
o
Observes individuals and
measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses
o
Describes some group or
situation
· Experiment
o
Deliberately imposes some
intervention on individuals in order to observe the response
Chapter 2
·
Bias
o Sample results tend to systematically favor certain outcomes
· Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
o
Individuals chosen from
the population in such a way that every set of n individuals had the same
chance of being chosen
- Table of Random Digits
- Label all companies in an efficient, fair way
- Voluntary Response Samples
- Typically biased
Chapter 3
- Statistic
- Number that describes the sample
- Parameter
- Number that describes population
- Parameter is to population as Statistic is to sample
- Sample Variability
- The variability seen in the sample statistic from sample to sample
- Confidence Statement
- Statistic +/- 1
Ön
Chapter 4
- (Random) Sampling Error
- Involved in choosing the statistic
- Sampling frame
- List (pick from list) ex. Phone Book
- Non Sampling errors
- Undercoverage
- Non Response
- Process errors
- Response errors
- Wording of questions
- Probability samples
- SRS, stratified samples
Chapter 5
- What makes a study an experiment?
- Differs from sampling with surveys
- Get as close to cause and effect as one likely can
· Response variable
o
Variable that measures
the result of a study. Ex. Reduction in stomach
pain
· Explanatory variable
o Variable that explains or causes changes in the
response variable
· Confounding Variable
o Change in response caused by a lurking variable with that caused by the
explanatory variable
· Lurking Variable
o Variable not directly studied that can compromise your ability to attribute any changes in the response to a treatment
· Placebo Effect
o Tendency for patients to respond to any treatment, even if it is
inactive
· Randomized Comparative experiment
o Randomly put into groups
Chapter 6
· Clinical Trials
· Double Blind
o Neither the person receiving the treatment nor the person evaluating the
symptoms knows which treatment has been administered. Eliminates bias.
· Generalization
o Treatment, subjects and realizations
· Completely randomized
o
Subjects are allocated at
random to treatments.
· Matched Pairs Design
o
Compare two treatments by
giving one to each of a pair of similar subjects or by giving both to the same
subject in random order.
· Block Design
o Random assignment of subjects to treatments is carried out within each
block.
Chapter 7
· Anonymity
o Respondent not known nor can be linked to his/her response
· Confidentiality
o Respondent known but information is kept secret
· Institutional Review Board
o Subjects involved are safe
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