Fossil Succession
·
Regional geologic mapping indicates that there
are widespread groupings or assemblages of specific fossils (species) that are
limited to their relative age.
·
Mapping of fossil succession at the surface
& underground have been used to divide the rocks into a series of units,
which were grouped into systems.
·
Eras mark major changes in fossil records
Cuvier
·
Scientist who made the theory of extinction
(1796)
Extinction
·
Organism being killed off and never coming back
again
·
Life has changed through time
·
The loss of at least a single species for all
time
·
Occur on many scales from individual species to
many species. In short time spans to
long time spans
Mass Extinction
·
Several very large extinctions affecting many
different types of organisms, relatively rapidly.
Science
·
The observation, description, experimental
design, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena or the explanation of
observations, etc. by natural processes.
Theory
·
Substantial conceptual idea or model that
explains some aspect of the natural world based on observed data
Darwin
·
Theory of evolution- Envisioned gradual change
of species through time
·
Natural Selection
Natural Selection (6 Parts)
·
Nature imposes a series of steams or selections
on organisms through time.
·
1. All organisms
show variation
o
No two individuals exactly alike
·
2. In
nature, organisms produce more offspring than can survive
o
Offspring that are almost always more numerous
than parents
o
Populations are capable of rapid growth
·
3. There
is a struggle for survival
o
If more young than parents, and not increasing
population, there must be a struggle to survive
o
Competition within and between species for
limited environmental resources
·
4. Some
individuals have a better chance of survival
·
5. Those
that survive are naturally selected
o
Survivors have favorable variations that allow
them to compete and reproduce
o
Survivors have a chance to breed and pass on
their favorable characteristics to their offspring.
o
Survival of the fittest
·
6.
Natural selection can cause new species
o
Gradual heredity changes lead to offspring that
are different from original species
Genes
·
Unit of inheritance and are segments of DNA
Mutation
·
Caused by altered genes
o
Can be harmful, beneficial or benign
A
theory called Continental Drift was the beginning of our current understanding
of the earth’s crust and continental positions.
Earth is 4.6 to 4.5 billion years old
·
Precambrian is largest part
·
Stromatolites
Genetics
·
Biologists have identified 35 different body
plans on this planet
Notes 2/9/09
What
are the oldest fossil vertebrates?
·
Fish
When are they from?
·
Cambrian Period
Sharks-what fossils do they live behind?
·
Preserves hard and soft parts
·
Only their teeth and in some forms their spine
near the dorsal fins are preserved as fossils
What can we tell from shark teeth?
·
We can compare different shapes of shark teeth
to their diets and then compare the shape (and size) of the modern teeth to
fossil shark teeth to better interpret ancient sharks
·
It lets us visualize the ancient food chain and
ecology of ancient seas
Arthrodires
·
Oldest fossil jawed fish from the Silurian
·
Oldest jaws have no teeth
·
4 feet high to 20 feet in length
·
Like sharks-many parts of body aren’t commonly
fossilized. They also have a rare
soft-body.
What can we tell about their bite force?
·
Twice bite force of great white shark
Vertebrates
·
Segmented vertebral column, which may grown over
or replace notochord. It can be made
from bone or cartilage
·
Head encases the brain
·
Paired sensory organs (eyes, ears, etc.)
·
Hard skeletal parts formed from phosphates
·
Oldest vertebrates are fish and oldest fossil
from Cambrian period
o
Early forms of fish had spines instead of fins
Oldest land plants in Silurian Period
·
Cooksonia
o
Oldest fossil vascular plant
Vascular tissue
·
Allow plants to transfer water and nutrients
vertically through their structure.
Rhynie chert/preservation of early land
plants and animals
·
Lower Devonian silica deposit from Ireland. Fossils found in chert (silica) formed by a
geyser field. Soft part preservation.
How are land plants important to modern
environment
·
Photosynthesis exchanges carbon dioxide and
oxygen
What were the 1st land animals?
·
Millipedes and scorpions from Late Silurian
period
·
1st land vertebrates are amphibians
(tetrapods)
Preadaption
·
Having a body part that does well where you
live, but also does well someplace else
Lobefin lungfish
·
Specific lobefin fish with gills and also lungs
with which they can breath air. Lungfish
can breath on land, and can use their lobe fins to walk on land
·
Bony fish that have muscular front fins
Major body changes from lungfish to
tetrapod
·
Gills to lungs
·
Fins to feet
Tetrapod
·
Four legged animal
End-Ordovician mass extinction
·
Marine extinction, not enough land families to
determine impact on land
·
Sudden occurrence of glacial deposits throughout
S. America and Africa at end of Ordovician
·
Fossils fauna from tropical paleolatitudes seems
to have been hit hardest
Continental
glaciation
What
could trigger glaciation?
Sea
level change during ice ageà
extinctions
End-Devonian mass extinction
Continental
glaciation
Global
climate change
Carbon
cycle
Changes
to carbon cycle in Devonianàextinctions
Adaptive
radiation
·
After following extinction events, we get
diversification from certain species
·
Very fast evolution
What
are the oldest fossil vertebrates?
Fish
When are they from?
Cambrian
Period
Sharks-what fossils do they live behind?
Only
their teeth and in some forms their spine near the dorsal fins are preserved as
fossils
What can we tell from shark teeth?
It
lets us visualize the ancient food chain and ecology of ancient seas
Arthrodires
Oldest
fossil jawed fish from the Silurian
What can we tell about their bite force?
Twice
bite force of great white shark
Oldest land plants in Silurian Period
Cooksonia-
Oldest fossil vascular plant
Vascular tissue
Allows
plants to transfer water and nutrients vertically through their structure.
Rhynie chert/preservation of early land
plants and animals
Lower
Devonian silica deposit from Ireland.
Fossils found in chert (silica) formed by a geyser field. Soft part preservation.
How are land plants important to modern
environment
Photosynthesis
exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen
What were the 1st land animals?
Millipedes
and scorpions from Late Silurian period. 1st land vertebrates are
amphibians (tetrapods)
Preadaption
Having
a body part that does well where you live, but also does well someplace else
Lobefin lungfish
Specific
lobefin fish with gills and also lungs with which they can breath air. Lungfish can breath on land, and can use
their lobe fins to walk on land. Lobefin
Lungfish are bony fish that have muscular front fins
REPTILES
Anapsids
No holes behind eye orbits in skull
Synapsids
One hole behind eye orbits in skull
Diapsids
Two holes behind eye orbits in skull
Pelycasaurs
Tall bony spines spiking out of
backbones. Good for protection
End-Permian mass extinction
Largest Mass extinction
Glacial sediments in both N & S
poles
Vulcanism
Flood
Basalts
·
Lava leaks toward surface but doesn’t make it
and it cools and hardens. Forms when hot magma rises to crust
How can volcanoes cause mass
extinction?
Supercontinent formation
Carbon
cycle and Increased carbon
Isotope
·
Elements in organic material controlled by orgin
and temperature
Methane hydrates
Methane trapped in water
Climate change
·
Decrease in CO2 amount for the end Dovonian
would equal a change in 10-12 degrees C
After Permian extinction:
Adaptive radiation
How
does this fit in with concept of natural selection
Synapsids
and diapsids/before and after the extinction
Archosaur
·
Diapsid represented by a modern bird. Single
opening on each side of skull
Thecodont (ancestor of dinosaur)
Extra hole in skull
Crocodile-like gait/stance
End-triassic mass extinction or competion
Goodbye mammel-like reptiles
Goodbye thecodont
Goodbye phytosaurs and several other
archosaur groups
Goodbye conodonts (sea)
Increasing evidence of mass extinction,
which effected many groups.
Plate techtonics and vulcanism
Who
goes extinct (animal types)?
Who
benefits?
Allosaurus- Theropod
Brachiosaurus- Sauropod
Diplodocus- Sauropod
Ornitholestes- Theropod
Stegosaurus- Thyreophore
Theropods
·
Meat eating dino that eats poison
Dilophosaurus
Jurassic Park movie vs actual
·
How does
size compare
o
Can we tell if something spat poison?
Allosaurus (lion of Jurassic)
·
Largest carnivore of the Jurassic
·
Top of the food chain
·
Bone studies (histology) to determine injuries
o
Big Al’s many injuries-hard life based on bones
·
What does bone growth after break vs break in
fossil bone with no growth tell us?
o
After bones break they fix themselves but not
entirely
Inchnofossils
·
Tracks- trace fossil
·
Marking or imprint left behind organism
Dino tracks tell us:
·
Type of dinos
·
Gait/stance
·
Tail position
o
Always upright
·
Speed
·
Herding and other behaviors
o
Can track if they r walking in heard or not
Coprolites
·
Fossil dung.
They can provide data on what animals eat
Pee on tree is answer to a question
What is oldest fossil bird
·
Birds evolve from reptiles
o
When
§
1861 in southern germany
o
Archeopteryx
o
What is a bird?
o
Dino/ reptile vs bird features
o
Which hips
Feathered dinosaurs from China
·
Feathers but not flight
·
What kind of dinos ( which – pods) have
feathers?
·
What good are feathers
Typed
2 pages
3
or more (non encyclodeia) ref in paper and a reference cited section
What
is a pterosaur? Describe what the bones of these animals are like
·
When did they live
·
What were some of the diff shapes
·
What is known about diets
·
How big are they
·
WHAT
WERE SOME OF THE MARINE REPTILES THAT LIVED DURING THE TIME OF THE DINOSAUR?
DESCRIBE SHAPES AND INFO OF EACH
·
Ichthyosaur
carbonization preserves fin shapes
·
Plesiosaur
·
Mososaur
·
Atchelon
Cretaceous Period
3rd period in
Mesozoic era. Supercontinent began to
split apart, which led to increase in dino evolution on different continents
o
Oldest angiosperms
§
Before flowering plants. Oldest was an aquatic plant. Oldest to date is an Archaefructus
o
Bugs in amber (cretaceous and younger)
§
Bee from Myanmar found last year-cretaceous age
o
Different dinos on different continents
o
Dino Metabolism
§
Ectotherm
ú
Regulate body temp by exchanging heat wit it
surroundings (sail dino)
§
Endotherm
ú
Upright posture
ú
Light bone structure
ú
Living in polar regions
ú
Social structures like herding
ú
Bone structures sometimes have large blood flow
and sometimes have growth rings that indicate rapid growth
ú
Obvious relationships of at least theropods with
birds
§
Histology
o
Kinds of evidence that suggests some dinos were
warm blooded
o
Liopleurodon
largest mammel!!
Cretaceous Meat-eating dinosaurs
·
Tyrannosaurs (N. America-China)
o
T-Rex (N America)
§
What do the bones tell us about this animal
§
How can scientists determine aspects of sight
smell hearing and fossil bones?
o
“Sue” a very expensive T-Rex
Giant Allosaur descendents
Giganotosaurus (South America)
Spinosaurs (spiny reptiles)
·
Many types.
All have crocodile-like jaws and tall vertebrate spines
o
Similar to Nile Crocodile
o
Sail on back to warm body temperature
Ouranosaurus
·
Duckbilled hardrosaur from Cretaceous of Africa
and also had a sail
Carnotaurus
·
One from Disney movie-Dinosaur
Charcarodonotosaurus
·
Shark-Toothed
·
End
cretaceous (KT) extinction
o
Short (KT) for Cretaceous because c was already
used in Cambrian)
·
Extinct= Dinosaurs, pterosaurs, giant marine
reptiles
·
Deccan traps. India
o
Extensive lava flows more than 2400 m (7200 ft)
thick, which accumulated at the end od the Cretaceous
Volcanic theory -know 4 finals
·
Increased CO2, Greenhouse effect, Acid rain,
Acid oceans
Meteor Impact theory- know for final
·
Alvarez- iridum, tsunami
o
Iridum
§
Alvarez experimental find of high concentration
element - iridium
o
Shocked quartz?
§
Extremely hard mineral
§
Shock quartz only found on meteors
ú
Evidence rock was circular
·
Tektites
o
Who are they, where r they found
§
Glass like beads of molten rock found around
Gulf Coast
§
This means that there was a meteor impact
·
Chain of events that lead to extinction
o
Explosion
§
Blast wave
o
Molten material cause global fires
o
Dust from explosion are fires block out sun
o
Climate change comes
o
Plants die from burning, lack of sun, and
climatic factors
o
Big plant eaters dies
o
Big meat eaters die
o
Only small things that
§
(1) don’t need much food.
§
(2) scavenge or can eat anything.
§
(3) have numerous offspring
·
Adaptive radiation
o
What 2 things are favored in survivors?
o
How do adaptive radiations occur
§
New characteristics develop
§
New Behaviors develop
§
Occupation of new niche
§
Older characteristics allowed to spread to new
niche
o
Know 4
parts!
§
Rapid evolution
§
Stabilization of evolutionary rates
§
High rates of extinction
§
Relative stability
·
Mesonyx (Paleocene)
o
Hoofed Carnivore (think of with sharp teeth)
·
Andrewsarchus (Eocene)
o
Placental carnivorous mammal
o
Giagantic
o
Sharp cutting teeth in front large-flat crushing
teeth
Indricotherium
o
Largest land mammal of all time
Whale evolution
·
Ambulocetus (land to sea)
o
Walking whale
What
kind of bone evidence indicates that ancient animals are whale ancestors or
that whales were once land animals?
·
Horse evolution
o
What r the body and bone changes from ancestors
to present?
§
Horses have hoofs.
§
Oldest ancestor = Hyracotherium
o
Tooth changes?
o
Not a straight line ancestry
·
Elephant evolution
o
Small to large size
o
Tusk changes
o
What is the bone evidence for a trunk?
·
Most modern mammal families weren’t around in
the Cretaceous.
·
Pakicetus
o
Not just changes in limbs to fins needed to
change teeth, hearing, lungs, and of course ultimitly size
o
Eocene of India
o
Skull of a possible whale ancestor w/ legs
·
When does north and south America connect
·
Glyptodont?
·
Why are Australian mammals dominated by
marsupial mammals when the rest of the world isn’t?
Human evolution
·
Hominid
o
Hominoids are members of the family hominidae
(great apes) which includes chimps
·
Australopithecus oldest hominid
o
Ape like face w/ protruding jaw and heavy brow
o
Large black teeth
o
Bony skull ridge
o
Africa
o
A bipedal ape (evidence?)
·
Homo erectus
o
Africa at Olduvai Gorge
o
Fossils had been found in Indonesia and China so
called Java-man” in 1920-1930
o
First widespread humans
o
Out of Africa, tools, fire
·
Homo sapiens-sapiens (Neanderthal)
o
Heavy brow ridges, barrel chest impression of
brute, but beautiful cave painting, and tools show that it had a culture with
complex social structure
o
Had brain size of 1,300 cm3 (similar to ours)
·
5 traits that appear to have followed humanoid
evolution
o
Significant brain enlargement in a relatively
short period of time = encephalization (partially due to being meat eaters)
o
Bipedalism and more upright posture
·
Pleistocene Ice age mammals and 6th
mass extinction
·
Sabre-tooth tiger (smilodon)
·
La Brea Tar Pits, California
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